Prior to Joe Pa, Rip Engle was the coach at Penn State for 16 years. During that time their record was 104-48-1. Back then, it was a 10-game regular season and 11 if you happened to get invited to a bowl game. From 1959-62, Engle lead the Nittany Lions to four bowl games. Their only loss was in 1962 at the Gator Bowl. Ironically, they ended up ranked #9 in the country that year. They had only appeared in two bowl games prior to '59 in their history, the Cotton Bowl in '47 and the Rose Bowl in '22.
So, the Paterno era in seven short years had accomplished almost as much in terms of bowl appearances alone than all the other 78 Penn State teams combined.
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Penn State has been an independent football team all their years up to 1973 except the one year they were a part of the Pennsylvania Intercollegiate Football Association(PIFA) which lasted only one year. They played against primarily other independent schools. These schools included Notre Dame, Florida St and Miami (FL) until 1972, the three military academies, Syracuse, Pittsburgh, West Virginia, Boston College, and Virginia Tech among others. Perhaps the Coaches' and AP polls felt that overall, independents did not have competition equivalent to the conferences. The exception would be Notre Dame, which had built an historic football tradition.
These bits of facts are the foundation for the 1973 Penn State team that went 12-0 and yet did not earn the national championship. In fact, they were never ranked higher than 5th on the AP poll the entire season. Their schedule was reminiscent of their prior undefeated seasons. I have found a website that can help explain their position after a perfect season.
It appears that two rating systems were used--Simple Rating System (SRS) and Strength of Schedule (SOS). The SRS included strength of schedule but also used average point differntial as another factor in the equation.* It looks like just another form of what is termed today as "style points". The more points you scored over your opponent and the number of points you held your opponent to were determining statistics. Strength of schedule, by definition, means the overall records of all the opponents you faced in the regular season.
Penn State ended the regular season ranked 5th in both polls. The four teams above them were the same in both polls--Alabama, Ohio State, Oklahoma, and Notre Dame. The Nittany Lions were behind all four schools in both rating systems. As I mentioned above, their strength of schedule did them in. They were ranked 50th out of 129 schools in that category, seventh overall.
The two major polls, the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI), based their rankings primarily on the SRS and SOS. In 1973, the national championship was based upon the regular season only. Bowl games were just window dressing. They were not a factor in determining a national champion in 1973.
They each chose a different national champion, though they couldn't have been relying on the systems alone. The AP chose Notre Dame as national champion. They were undefeated after a 10-0 regular season. UPI chose Alabama who were undefeated at 11-0 regular season. Their SRS and SOS rankings were both very close with Alabama ahead in both by slim margins.
All totalled, there were 6 undefeated teams in 1973. Three of them--Oklahoma, Michigan, and Ohio State had tie games, which do not exist today. Penn State had no ties. Michigan ended up being ranked 6th behind Penn State. But Oklahoma and Ohio State were ranked ahead of them. Rating systems aside, Penn State's record should have spoken for itself. Another situation where a playoff system would have determined a TRUE national champion. The Sugar Bowl hosted the co-national champions with Notre Dame winning 27-24.
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I have decided not to pursue Penn State's 1994 undefeated season. I have shown the inconsistencies that do exist in selecting a Division 1-A College football national champion. I don't understand why the most popular of all college athletics cannot have a playoff system to determine their national champion. All other sports in Division 1-A have some type of playoff system in place to determine who is #1.
One thought on this is that half of all the college football analysts would be out of work with a playoff system in place. Half to three-quarters of the sports talk on ESPN and all their affiliates would disappear and talk show hosts would have to get more creative.
There is a 4-part playoff proposal covering all aspects of a playoff including how it would work and the question of the bowl games on collegefootballcafeteria.com. My blog covering bowl games is not about the playoff system but another issue I believe needs consideration. Then I will discuss the BCS in general and how, even with computer involvement, still does not account for multi-undefeated teams.
*sports-reference.com/cfs/about/glossary.html